BIOLOGICAL BUFFER SYSTEM
BIOLOGICAL BUFFER SYSTEM Biological buffer systems are crucial for maintaining stable pH levels in biological systems, ensuring that enzymes and other biochemical processes function optimally. Here are the key components and concepts: A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added. Biological buffers help maintain homeostasis in living organisms. 1. Common Biological Buffers Bicarbonate Buffer System: Involves bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). It is vital in regulating blood pH. Phosphate Buffer System: Utilizes dihydrogen phosphate (H₂PO₄⁻) and hydrogen phosphate (HPO₄²⁻) to maintain pH in cellular fluids. Protein Buffers: Proteins can act as buffers due to their amino acid side chains, which can donate or accept protons (H⁺). 2. Mechanism of Action Buffers work through equilibrium reactions: When an acid (H⁺ donor) is added, the base component of the buffer binds the excess H⁺, minimizing pH change. When a base (...