BLOOD GROUPING
BLOOD GROUPING Blood grouping is a method used to determine an individual's blood type based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Understanding blood groups is crucial for safe blood transfusions, organ transplants, and prenatal care. Here’s an overview of the main blood group systems and their significance: 1. Major Blood Group Systems ABO System: Types: A, B, AB, and O. Antigens: Type A has A antigens. Type B has B antigens. Type AB has both A and B antigens. Type O has neither A nor B antigens. Antibodies: Type A has anti-B antibodies. Type B has anti-A antibodies. Type AB has no antibodies against A or B. Type O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Rh Factor: Types: Positive (+) or Negative (-). Antigen: Presence of the Rh antigen (D antigen) defines Rh-positive; absence defines Rh-negative. 2. Blood Typing Methods Forward Typing: Tests for the presence of antigens by mixing blood with antibodies against A and B antigens. Re...