MUTAGENESIS
MUTAGENESIS Mutagenesis is the process through which genetic mutations are induced or occur spontaneously in an organism's DNA. These mutations can lead to changes in the structure or function of proteins, and they play a crucial role in evolution, development, and disease. 1. Types of Mutagenesis Spontaneous Mutagenesis: Occurs naturally due to errors in DNA replication, spontaneous chemical changes, or environmental factors. Induced Mutagenesis: Resulting from exposure to external agents (mutagens) that increase the rate of mutations. This includes: Chemical Mutagens: Substances that cause mutations through chemical reactions, such as base analogs, alkylating agents, and intercalating agents. Physical Mutagens: Environmental factors like ultraviolet (UV) light and ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays) that can cause DNA damage. Biological Mutagens: Some viruses can integrate their genetic material into the host DNA, leading to mutations. 2. Mechanisms of Mutagenesis Poin...