PG & Research Department of Biochemistry

 Column chromatography  Column chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate, identify, and purify mixtures of compounds based on their chemical properties and affinities. Principle: Column chromatography involves passing a mixture through a stationary phase (adsorbent material) packed in a column. The components separate as they interact differently with the stationary phase. Types: 1. Adsorption Chromatography: Separates based on adsorption to the stationary phase. 2. Ion-Exchange Chromatography: Separates ions based on electrostatic interactions. 3. Size-Exclusion Chromatography: Separates based on molecular size. 4. Affinity Chromatography: Separates based on specific binding interactions. Steps: 1. Preparation: Choose stationary phase, column, and solvents. 2. Sample Loading: Apply mixture to the column. 3. Elution: Pass solvent through the column. 4. Separation: Components separate based on interactions. 5. Detection: Identify separated components using detec...

 Liver Function Tests (LFTs)  Liver Function Tests (LFTs) are blood tests that assess liver damage, disease, or dysfunction. They measure various enzymes, proteins, and waste products to evaluate liver health. Common LFT Parameters: 1. Alanine Transaminase (ALT) 2. Aspartate Transaminase (AST) 3. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 4. Total Bilirubin (TBIL) 5. Direct Bilirubin (DBIL) 6. Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) 7. Albumin 8. Total Protein What LFTs Indicate: 1. ALT/AST: Liver cell damage (hepatocellular injury) 2. ALP: Bile duct obstruction or liver damage 3. TBIL/DBIL: Liver's ability to process bilirubin (jaundice) 4. GGT: Liver damage, alcohol use, or bile duct disease 5. Albumin: Liver's synthetic function (protein production) 6. Total Protein: Liver's overall synthetic function Interpretation: 1. Normal: No liver damage or disease 2. Elevated: Liver damage, disease, or dysfunction 3. Decreased: Impaired liver function (e.g., cirrhosis) Clinical Significance: 1. Diagnose...