PG & Research Department of Biochemistry

  Dengue fever Dengue fever is a significant public health concern in Tamil Nadu, as it is in many tropical and subtropical regions. Transmission : Dengue is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water. The virus can cause severe flu-like symptoms and, in some cases, can lead to serious complications. Symptoms Common symptoms include high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, joint and muscle pain, rash, and mild bleeding. Severe cases can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Prevention Mosquito Control : Efforts to control mosquito populations include eliminating standing water, using insect repellents, and installing screens on windows and doors. Public Awareness : Government campaigns focus on educating the public about prevention and early detection of dengue. Government Initiatives The Tamil Nadu government has implemented various measures to combat dengue outbreaks, including surveillance, vector control programs, an...

 Rock salt and sea salt both offer unique health benefits, though their compositions and uses can vary.   Rock Salt (Halite) Mineral Content : Rock salt contains trace minerals like potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which can contribute to overall health. Electrolyte Balance : It can help maintain proper electrolyte balance, which is important for hydration and nerve function. Less Processed : Typically, rock salt is less refined than table salt, retaining more minerals and nutrients. Alkalizing Properties : Some proponents believe it may help balance the body’s pH levels, promoting better overall health. Aromatherapy and Bathing : Rock salt is often used in bath salts for relaxation and muscle relief. Sea Salt Mineral-Rich : Like rock salt, sea salt contains various minerals that can support health, including iron and calcium. Lower Sodium Content : Depending on the processing, some sea salts may contain less sodium than table salt, which can be beneficial for those monitori...

Aminocentesis  Aminocentesis, more commonly referred to as amniocentesis, is a medical procedure used during pregnancy to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid for testing.  Purpose Genetic Testing : To check for genetic disorders such as Down syndrome or cystic fibrosis. Fetal Health Assessment : To assess the well-being of the fetus, including checking for infections or other conditions. Lung Maturity : To evaluate fetal lung development, particularly if early delivery is being considered. Procedure Timing : Usually performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. Technique : A thin needle is inserted through the abdominal wall into the uterus, guided by ultrasound, to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid. Risks Miscarriage : There is a small risk of miscarriage (approximately 1 in 300 to 1 in 500). Infection : There is a risk of infection in the uterus. Amniotic Fluid Leak : Rarely, there can be a leak of amniotic fluid. Considerations Informed Decision : It’s impor...

 Vaccination for babies is crucial for protecting them from various infectious diseases.  1. Recommended Vaccines Hepatitis B : Typically given at birth and again at 1-2 months and 6-18 months. DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) : Administered at 2, 4, and 6 months, with booster shots later. Polio : Given at 2, 4, and 6-18 months. MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) : First dose is usually at 12-15 months. Varicella (Chickenpox) : Generally given at 12-15 months. PCV (Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) : Administered at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months. Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) : Given at 2, 4, and 6 months, with a booster at 12-15 months. 2. Schedule Vaccination schedules vary by country, but many follow guidelines from organizations like the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) or WHO (World Health Organization). 3. Benefits Vaccines protect babies from serious diseases, reducing morbidity and mortality rates. They contribute to herd immunity, protecting those who c...

 Gene modification vaccines, often referred to as genetically engineered vaccines, are a developing area in immunology and biotechnology. In India, there has been significant interest in such vaccines, especially in response to diseases like COVID-19. COVID-19 Vaccines : India has seen the development of various vaccines, some of which utilize genetic engineering techniques. For example, the ZyCoV-D vaccine, developed by Zydus Cadila, is a DNA plasmid vaccine that uses genetic material to induce an immune response. Regulatory Framework : The Indian regulatory authority, the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI), oversees the approval and monitoring of these vaccines. The process involves rigorous clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. Research and Development : Indian research institutions and biotech companies are actively exploring the potential of gene modification in vaccines for other infectious diseases and even cancer therapies. Challenges : There are challenges r...

 A balanced diet is essential for maintaining good health and well-being. It provides the body with the necessary nutrients to function properly.  Components of a Balanced Diet Carbohydrates : Sources : Whole grains (brown rice, oats, whole wheat bread), fruits, vegetables, and legumes. Function : Provide energy and support brain function. Proteins : Sources : Lean meats (chicken, turkey), fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes (beans, lentils), nuts, and seeds. Function : Essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues. Fats : Sources : Healthy fats from avocados, nuts, seeds, olive oil, and fatty fish (like salmon). Function : Important for hormone production, nutrient absorption, and energy. Vitamins and Minerals : Sources : A variety of fruits and vegetables (leafy greens, berries, citrus), dairy products, and whole grains. Function : Support various bodily functions, including immune function, bone health, and energy metabolism. Fiber : Sources : Whole grains, ...

Genetic Disorders  Genetic disorders are diseases caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA, which can occur due to mutations in single genes, changes in chromosome structure or number, or complex interactions between genes and the environment.  Types of Genetic Disorders Single-Gene Disorders : Description : Caused by mutations in a single gene. Examples : Cystic Fibrosis : Affects the respiratory and digestive systems. Sickle Cell Anemia : A blood disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Huntington's Disease : A neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a mutation in the HTT gene. Chromosomal Disorders : Description : Caused by abnormalities in chromosome number or structure. Examples : Down Syndrome : Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). Turner Syndrome : A condition in females characterized by the absence of one X chromosome. Klinefelter Syndrome : Affects males who have an extra X chromosome (XXY). Multifactorial Disorders : Description...