POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

      

      PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction 

PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a molecular biology technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences. It enables the production of millions of copies of a particular DNA segment, making it easier to study or analyze.

Steps in PCR:

  1. Denaturation: The double-stranded DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands.
  2. Annealing: The temperature is lowered to allow primers (short DNA sequences) to bind to the target DNA sequences.
  3. Extension: A heat-stable DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the primers.

TYPES OF PCR:

  • Standard PCR: The basic method for amplifying DNA. 
  • Real-Time PCR (qPCR): Measures the amplification of DNA in real-time, allowing for quantification of the DNA.

  • Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR): Converts RNA into DNA before amplification, commonly used for studying gene expression.

  • Nested PCR: Uses two sets of primers to increase specificity and sensitivity.

  • Multiplex PCR: Amplifies multiple DNA targets in a single reaction by using multiple primer pairs.

  • Digital PCR (dPCR): Provides absolute quantification of DNA by partitioning the sample into many small reactions.

Applications:

  • Genetic Research: Amplifying genes for sequencing or analysis.
  • Medical Diagnostics: Detecting pathogens or genetic mutations.
  • Forensic Science: Analyzing DNA samples from crime scenes.
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