HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Human physiology is the study of the functions and processes of the human body, focusing on how various systems interact to maintain homeostasis and support life.

1. Nervous System

  • Function: Controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body.
  • Components: Includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
  • Key Concepts: Neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, reflex arcs.

2. Endocrine System

  • Function: Regulates bodily functions through hormones released into the bloodstream.
  • Components: Glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas.
  • Key Concepts: Hormonal regulation of metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress response.

3. Muscular System

  • Function: Facilitates movement and maintains posture.
  • Types of Muscle: Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary).
  • Key Concepts: Muscle contraction mechanisms, energy metabolism in muscles.

4. Skeletal System

  • Function: Provides structure, support, and protection for internal organs; facilitates movement in conjunction with muscles.
  • Components: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
  • Key Concepts: Bone remodeling, calcium homeostasis, and hematopoiesis (blood cell formation).

5. Cardiovascular System

  • Function: Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
  • Components: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.
  • Key Concepts: Cardiac cycle, blood pressure regulation, and blood composition.

6. Respiratory System

  • Function: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.
  • Components: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
  • Key Concepts: Mechanics of breathing, diffusion of gases, and respiratory control.

7. Digestive System

  • Function: Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption and eliminates waste.
  • Components: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
  • Key Concepts: Digestive enzymes, nutrient absorption, and gut microbiome.

8. Urinary System

  • Function: Regulates water and electrolyte balance and removes waste products from the blood.
  • Components: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
  • Key Concepts: Nephron function, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

9. Immune System

  • Function: Protects the body from pathogens and disease.
  • Components: White blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
  • Key Concepts: Innate vs. adaptive immunity, antibodies, and immune response mechanisms.

10. Integumentary System

  • Function: Protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.
  • Components: Skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
  • Key Concepts: Skin layers (epidermis, dermis), barrier function, and thermoregulation.
DIAGRAM:



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